In June 1994, Intel engineers discovered a flaw in the floating-point math subsection of the Pentium microprocessor. Under certain data dependent conditions, low order bits of the result of floating-point division operations would be incorrect, an error that can quickly compound in floating-point operations to much larger errors in subsequent calculations. Intel corrected the error in a future chip revision, but nonetheless declined to disclose it.[citation needed]
In October 1994, Dr. Thomas Nicely, Professor of Mathematics at Lynchburg College independently discovered the bug, and upon receiving no response from his inquiry to Intel, on October 30 posted a message on the Internet.Word of the bug spread quickly on the Internet and then to the industry press. Because the bug was easy to replicate by an average user (there was a sequence of numbers one could enter into the OS calculator to show the error), Intel's statements that it was minor and "not even an erratum" were not accepted by many computer users. During Thanksgiving 1994, The New York Times ran a piece by journalist John Markoff spotlighting the error. Intel changed its position and offered to replace every chip, quickly putting in place a large end-user support organization. This resulted in a $500 million charge against Intel's 1994 revenue.
Ironically, the "Pentium flaw" incident, Intel's response to it, and the surrounding media coverage propelled Intel from being a technology supplier generally unknown to most computer users to a household name. Dovetailing with an uptick in the "Intel Inside" campaign, the episode is considered by some to have been a positive event for Intel, changing some of its business practices to be more end-user focused and generating substantial public awareness, while avoiding (for most users) a lasting negative impression.
Wednesday, May 27, 2009
486, Pentium, and Itanium
Intel introduced the 486 microprocessor in 1989, and in 1990 formally established a second design team, designing the processors code-named "P5" and "P6" in parallel and committing to a major new processor every two years, versus the four or more years such designs had previously taken. The P5 was earlier known as "Operation Bicycle" referring to the cycles of the processor. The P5 was introduced in 1993 as the Intel Pentium, substituting a trademarked name for the former part number (numbers, like 486, cannot be trademarked). The P6 followed in 1995 as the Pentium Pro and improved into the Pentium II in 1997. New architectures were developed alternately in Santa Clara, California and Hillsboro, Oregon.
The Santa Clara design team embarked in 1993 on a successor to the x86 architecture, codenamed "P7". The first attempt was dropped a year later, but quickly revived in a cooperative program with Hewlett-Packard engineers, though Intel soon took over primary design responsibility. The resulting implementation of the IA-64 64-bit architecture was the Itanium, finally introduced in June 2001. The Itanium's performance running legacy x86 code did not achieve expectations, and it failed to effectively compete with 64-bit extensions to the original x86 architecture, first from AMD (the AMD64), then from Intel itself (the Intel 64 architecture, formerly known as EM64T). As of November 2007, Intel continues to develop and deploy the Itanium.
The Hillsboro team designed the Willamette processor (code-named P67 and P68) which was marketed as the Pentium 4, and later developed the 64-bit extensions to the x86 architecture, present in some versions of the Pentium 4 and in the Intel Core 2 chips. Many chip variants were developed at an office in Haifa, Israel
The Santa Clara design team embarked in 1993 on a successor to the x86 architecture, codenamed "P7". The first attempt was dropped a year later, but quickly revived in a cooperative program with Hewlett-Packard engineers, though Intel soon took over primary design responsibility. The resulting implementation of the IA-64 64-bit architecture was the Itanium, finally introduced in June 2001. The Itanium's performance running legacy x86 code did not achieve expectations, and it failed to effectively compete with 64-bit extensions to the original x86 architecture, first from AMD (the AMD64), then from Intel itself (the Intel 64 architecture, formerly known as EM64T). As of November 2007, Intel continues to develop and deploy the Itanium.
The Hillsboro team designed the Willamette processor (code-named P67 and P68) which was marketed as the Pentium 4, and later developed the 64-bit extensions to the x86 architecture, present in some versions of the Pentium 4 and in the Intel Core 2 chips. Many chip variants were developed at an office in Haifa, Israel
386 microprocessor
During this period Andrew Grove dramatically redirected the company, closing much of its DRAM business and directing resources to the microprocessor business. Of perhaps greater importance was his decision to "single-source" the 386 microprocessor. Prior to this, microprocessor manufacturing was in its infancy, and manufacturing problems frequently reduced or stopped production, interrupting supplies to customers. To mitigate this risk, these customers typically insisted that multiple manufacturers produce chips they could use to ensure a consistent supply. The 8080 and 8086-series microprocessors were produced by several companies, notably Zilog and AMD. Grove made the decision not to license the 386 design to other manufacturers, instead producing it in three geographically distinct factories in Santa Clara, California; Hillsboro, Oregon; and the Phoenix, Arizona suburb of Chandler; and convincing customers that this would ensure consistent delivery. As the success of Compaq's Deskpro 386 established the 386 as the dominant CPU choice, Intel achieved a position of near-exclusive dominance as its supplier. Profits from this funded rapid development of both higher-performance chip designs and higher-performance manufacturing capabilities, propelling Intel to a position of unquestioned leadership by the early 1990s.
Intel, x86 processors, and the IBM PC
Despite the ultimate importance of the microprocessor, the 4004 and its successors the 8008 and the 8080 were never major revenue contributors at Intel. As the next processor, the 8086 (and its variant the 8088) was completed in 1978, Intel embarked on a major marketing and sales campaign for that chip nicknamed "Operation Crush", and intended to win as many customers for the processor as possible. One design win was the newly-created IBM PC division, though the importance of this was not fully realized at the time.
IBM introduced its personal computer in 1981, and it was rapidly successful. In 1982, Intel created the 80286 microprocessor, which, two years later, was used in the IBM PC/AT. Compaq, the first IBM PC "clone" manufacturer, produced a desktop system based on the faster 80286 processor in 1985 and in 1986 quickly followed with the first 80386-based system, beating IBM and establishing a competitive market for PC-compatible systems and setting up Intel as a key component supplier.
In 1975 the company had started a project to develop a highly-advanced 32-bit microprocessor, finally released in 1981 as the Intel iAPX 432. The project was too ambitious and the processor was never able to meet its performance objectives, and it failed in the marketplace. Intel extended the x86 architecture to 32 bits instead.
Corporate history
Intel was founded in 1968 by Gordon E. Moore (a chemist and physicist) and Robert Noyce (a physicist and co-inventor of the integrated circuit) when they left Fairchild Semiconductor. A number of other Fairchild employees also went on to participate in other Silicon Valley companies. Intel's third employee was Andy Grove,[8] a chemical engineer, who ran the company through much of the 1980s and the high-growth 1990s. Grove is now remembered as the company's key business and strategic leader. By the end of the 1990s, Intel was one of the largest and most successful businesses in the world
Intel Corporation
Intel Corporation is the world's largest semiconductor company and the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. Intel was founded on July 18, 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation and based in Santa Clara, California, USA, Intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network cards and ICs, flash memory, graphic chips, embedded processors, and other devices related to communications and computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove, Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. Originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, Intel's successful "Intel Inside" advertising campaign of the 1990s made it and its Pentium processor household names.
Intel was an early developer of SRAM and DRAM memory chips, and this represented the majority of its business until the early 1980s. While Intel created the first commercial microprocessor chip in 1971, it was not until the success of the personal computer (PC) that this became their primary business. During the 1990s, Intel invested heavily in new microprocessor designs fostering the rapid growth of the PC industry. During this period Intel became the dominant supplier of microprocessors for PCs, and was known for aggressive and sometimes controversial tactics in defense of its market position, as well as a struggle with Microsoft for control over the direction of the PC industry. The 2007 rankings of the world's 100 most powerful brands published by Millward Brown Optimor showed the company's brand value falling 10 places – from number 15 to number 25.
Intel Corporation
Intel Corporation (NASDAQ: INTC; SEHK: 4335) is the world's largest semiconductor company and the inventor of the x86 series of microprocessors, the processors found in most personal computers. Intel was founded on July 18, 1968 as Integrated Electronics Corporation and based in Santa Clara, California, USA, Intel also makes motherboard chipsets, network cards and ICs, flash memory, graphic chips, embedded processors, and other devices related to communications and computing. Founded by semiconductor pioneers Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, and widely associated with the executive leadership and vision of Andrew Grove, Intel combines advanced chip design capability with a leading-edge manufacturing capability. Originally known primarily to engineers and technologists, Intel's successful "Intel Inside" advertising campaign of the 1990s made it and its Pentium processor household names.
Core 2 Duo advertisement controversy
In 2007, the company released a print advertisement for its Core 2 Duo processor featuring six African American runners appearing to bow down to a Caucasian male inside of an office setting (due to the posture taken by runners on starting blocks). According to Nancy Bhagat, Vice President of Intel Corporate Marketing, the general public found the ad to be "insensitive and insulting". The campaign was quickly pulled and several Intel executives made public apologies on the corporate website.
Intel® Desktop Board DG41RQ
Intel® Desktop Board DG41RQ supporting Intel® Core™2 Quad and Intel® Core™2 Duo processors.
The board is built in microATX form factor that offers legacy-to-premium features to meet more than just the bare necessities. It offers Intel® High Definition Audio, integrated 10/100/1000 Mb/s network connection & expansion capabilities such as PCIe*x16 to enrich users’ multimedia creation experience.The Intel® Desktop Board DG41RQ is Microsoft Windows Vista* Basic WHQL certified.
Intel® Desktop Board DG33FB
The Intel® Desktop Board DG33FB Classic Series is built in the ATX form factor, supporting a range of processors including the Intel® Core™2 Quad processor and Intel® Core™2 Duo processor. This board can support up to 8 GB of dual channel DDR2 800/667 MHz SDRAM. Premium features such as support for Intel® Viiv™ processor technologyΔ, Intel® High Definition Audio (enabling 5.1 surround sound), Int
el® PRO 10/100/1000 Network Connection and 1394a deliver stability and new features for consumers to enjoy a great digital entertainment experience. This Intel Desktop Board comes with the software required to meet Intel® Viiv™ processor technologyΔ brand verification requirements, which simplifies the task of building a PC based on Intel® Viiv™ processor technologyΔ.
The Intel® Desktop Board DG33FB is Microsoft Windows Vista* Premium Ready. The Intel® 3 Series Chipset fully supports the visually stunning Windows Aero* user interface with amazing transition effects and realistic animations.
Intel® Desktop Board DG33BU
The Intel® Desktop Board DG33BU Classic Series is built in the uATX form factor, supporting a range of processors including the Intel® Co
re™2 Quad (95W TDP) and Intel® Core™2 Duo processors. This board can support up to 8 GB of dual channel DDR2 800/667 MHz SDRAM. Premium features such as support for Intel® Core™2 Processor with Viiv™ Technology, Intel® High Definition Audio (Intel® HD Audio) (enabling 5.1 surround sound), Intel® PRO 10/100/1000 Network Connection and 1394a deliver stability and new features for consumers to enjoy a great digital entertainment experience. This Intel Desktop Board comes with the software required to meet Intel Viiv processor technology brand verification requirements, which simplifies the task of building a PC based on Intel Core 2 Processor with Viiv TechnologyΔ.
The Intel Desktop Board DG33BU is Microsoft Windows Vista* Premium Ready. The Intel® 3 Series Chipset fully supports the visually stunning Windows Aero* user interface with amazing transition effects and realistic animations.
Intel® Desktop Board DG31PR
The Intel® Desktop Board DG31PR Classic Series has been optimized to deliver new levels of performance and reliability for home and business users.
The Intel Desktop Board DG31PR is built to support a range of processors including the Intel® Core™2 Quad processor (95W TDP) and the Intel® Core™2 Duo processor. This board can support up to 4GB of dual channel DDR2 800/667 MHz SDRAM. It also offers Intel® High Definition Audio with support for 5.1 surround sound, integrated 10/100/1000 Network connection and ample USB connectors for all your computer paraphernalia.
Intel® Desktop Board DG35EC
The Intel® Desktop Board DG35EC Classic Series has been optimized to deliver new levels of performance
and reliability for home and business users.
The Intel DesktoIntel® Desktop Board DP43TF
The Intel® Desktop Board DP43TF delivers new levels of performance and the next generation of PCIE* 2.0 x16 in the ATX form factor supporting Intel® Core™2 Quad and Intel® Core™2 Duo processors.
The board also offers exciting premium features such as Intel® High Definition Audio, integrated 10/100/1000 Network connection, ample USB ports and IEEE 1394a for consumers to enjoy a great digital entertainment experience.
The Intel® Desktop Board DP43TF is Microsoft Windows Vista* Premium Ready. The Intel® 4 Series Chipset fully supports the visually stunning Windows Aero* user interface with amazing transition effects and realistic animations.
Intel® Desktop Board DG43NB
The Intel® Desktop Board DG43NB delivers new levels of performance and enhanced multimedia enjoyment in the ATX form factor supporting Intel® Core™2 Quad and Intel® Core™2 Duo processors.
The board also offers exciting premium features such as Intel® HD Video, Intel® High Definition Audio, integrated 10/100/1000 Network connection, ample USB ports a
Intel® Desktop Board DG41TY
The Intel® Desktop Board DG41TY with microATX form factor offers legacy to premium features. Parallel port, integrated VGA & DVI ports, Intel® HD Video experience1, Intel® High Definition Audio and integrated 10/100/1000 network connection, enrich your multimedia creation experience.
The Intel Desktop Board DG41TY supports Intel® Core™2 Quad processors and Intel® Core™2 Duo processors and is Microsoft Windows Vista* Premium WHQL certified.
Intel® Desktop Board DG41MJ
The Intel® Desktop Board DG41MJ may be small but it offers legacy to premium features such as parallel port, integrated VGA and DVI ports, Intel® HD Video experience1, Intel® High Definition Audio and integrated 10/100/1000 network connection to enrich users’ multimedia creation experience.
This mini-ITX form factor board supports Intel® Core™2 Quad processors and Intel® Core™2 Duo processors up to 65W Thermal Design Power (TDP) and 1333 Front Side B
Intel® Desktop Board DQ35JO
A powerful processor demands a powerful motherboard. Intel® Desktop Board DQ35JO delivers measurable advantages including proactive security, energy-efficient performance and remote manageability.◊
This board supports Intel® Core™2 Quad pr
ocessors and In
tel® Core™2 Duo processors up to 1333/1066/800 MHz
system bus in the LGA775 package. This board also supports Intel® Core™2 processor with vPro™ technology, is Microsoft Windows Vista* capable, and supports DVI-D and VGA dual independent display support.
Intel® Desktop Board DQ35MP
A powerful processor demands a powerful motherboard. Intel® Desktop Board DQ35MP delivers measurable advantages including proactive security, energy-efficient performance and remote manageability◊.
This board supports Intel® Core™2 Quad processors and Intel® Core™2 Duo processors up to 1333/1066/800 MHz system bus in the LGA775 package. This board also supports Intel® Core™2 processor with vPro™ technology and is Microsoft Windows Vista* capable.
Intel® Desktop Board DQ45EK
Intel® Desktop Board DQ45EK in mini-ITX form factor supports Intel® vPRO™ technology which gives users the unprecedented ability to remotely maintain, manage, and protect their business PCs. Pair this board with any 65W 45nm Intel® Core™2 processor to get the latest multi-tasking power in more energy-efficient and compact package.
Even with the small form factor, this board gives you the ability to enjoy new features such as dual-DVI video output and eSATA port on back-panel, as well as software enhancing security and remote management options for your system.
Intel® Desktop Board DQ45EK supports Intel® AMT 5.0 Professional, Intel® Trusted Platform Module, and is Microsoft Windows Vista* Premium WHQL certified.
Intel® Desktop Board DQ45CB
Intel® Desktop Board DQ45CB supporting Intel® vPRO™ Technology is designed to bring users unprecedented ability to remotely maintain, manage, and protect their business PCs. Pair this board with any 45nm Intel® Core™ 2 Quad or Intel® Core™ 2 Duo processor to get the latest performance in an energy-efficient package. Enjoy new features such as dual-DVI video output and eSATA port on back-panel, as well as value add software enhancing security and remote management options of your system.
Intel® Desktop Board DQ45CB supports Intel® AMT 5.0 Professional, Intel® Trusted Platform Module, and is Microsoft Windows Vista* Premium WHQL certified.
Intel® Desktop Board DP35DP
The Intel® Desktop Board DP35DP Media Series in the ATX form factor delivers improved performance and capabilities for multimedia creation and enjoyment. With support for Intel® quad-core processors and Intel® Viiv™ processor technologyΔ, this desktop board merges the energy-efficient power of the Intel® Core™2 Quad processor with enhanced expandability, and consumer electronics integration.
The Intel Desktop Board DP35DP is Microsoft Windows Vista* Premium Ready.
Intel® Desktop Board DG45ID
Introducing the Intel® Desktop Board DG45ID built in micro-ATX form factor. This board is designed to bring you the next level of quality home entertainment experience with integrated HDMI display output and hardware accelerated decode during high-definition playback. With support of Intel® Core™2 Quad processors and up to 1333 MHz FSB, this desktop board truly brings joy to your living room.
Intel Desktop Board DG45ID supports Dolby Home Theater* and is Microsoft Windows Vista* Premium WHQL certified.
Intel® Desktop Board DG45FC
Built in the mini-ITX form factor, Intel® Desktop Board DG45FC is a small but powerful desktop board with integrated HDMI display output and hardware accelerated decode during high-definition playback. With support of Intel® Core™2 Duo processors and up to 1333 FSB, you can expect a lot from this tiny desktop board!
Intel Desktop Board DG45FC supports Dolby Home Theater* and is Microsoft Windows Vista* Premium WHQL certified.
Intel® Desktop Board DX48BT2
Pulse-pounding gaming and high-powered multimedia experiences require the ultimate in performance from your processor and motherboard. Intel® Desktop Board DX48BT2 is designed to unleash the power of Intel® Core™2 Extreme processors. With support for 1600 MHz front side bus, fast DDR3 memory and overclocking, Intel Desktop Board DX48BT2 delivers the gaming performance you deserve.
Intel Desktop Board DX48BT2 supports Dolby Home Theater* and Microsoft Windows Vista* Premium WHQL certified.
Intel® Desktop Board D5400XS
The ground-breaking Intel® Dual Socket Extreme Desktop Platform is the first dual socket desktop board from Intel, the world leader in silicon innovation. With dual CPU capability that provides up to 8 core processing, the Intel® Desktop Board D5400XS delivers unmatched performance for advanced digital media creation and editing.
The platform also delivers heart-pounding performance for multi-core enabled game titles, particularly in a multi-tasking environment where simultaneous applicationsIntel® Desktop Board DP45SG
Welcome to the extreme performance platform brought to you by Intel® Desktop Board DP45SG, supporting the Intel® Core™2 Extreme processor with up to 1333 FSB. Built in the full size ATX, this board comes with dual PCI Express* (PCIe) 2.0 x16 graphics connectors, DDR-3 1333 support and overclocking capabilities. Intel® Desktop Board DP45SG will take your gaming experience to a higher level.
Intel Desktop Board DP45SG supports Dolby Home Theater* and is Microsoft Windows Vista* Premium WHQL certified.
Intel® Desktop Board DX58SO
The Intel® Desktop Board DX58SO is designed to unleash the power of the all new Intel® Core™ i7 processors with support for up to eight threads of raw CPU processing power, triple channel DDR3 memory and full support for ATI CrossfireX* technology. Today’s PC games like Far Cry 2* and Call of Duty: World at War* need a computing platform that delivers maximum multi-threaded CPU support and eye-popping graphics support.
Intel® Core™2 Duo Processor
Based on Intel® Core™ microarchitecture, the Intel® Core™2 Duo processor family is designed to provide powerful energy-efficient performance so you can do more at once without slowing down.
Intel® Core™ 2 Duo desktop processors
With Intel Core 2 Duo desktop processor, you'll experience revolutionary performance, unbelievable system responsiveness, and energy-efficiency second to none.
Big, big performance. More energy efficient.¹ Now available in smaller packages. The Intel Core 2 Duo processor-based desktop PC was designed from the ground up for energy efficiency, letting you enjoy higher performing, ultra-quiet, sleek, and low power desktop PC designs.
Multitask with reckless abandon. Do more at the same time, like playing your favorite music, running virus scan in the background, and all while you edit video or pictures. The powerful Intel Core 2 Duo desktop processor provides you with the speed you need to perform any and all tasks imaginable.
Love your PC again. Don’t settle for anything less than the very best. Find your perfect desktop powered by the Intel Core 2 Duo processor and get the best processing technology money can buy. Only from Intel.
Intel® Core™2 Quad Processors
Introducing the Intel® Core™2 Quad processor for desktop PCs, designed to handle massive compute and visualization workloads enabled by powerful multi-core technology. Providing all the bandwidth you need for next-generation highly-threaded applications, the latest four-core Intel Core 2 Quad processors are built on 45nm Intel® Core™ microarchitecture enabling faster, cooler, and quieter desktop PC and workstation experiences.
Plus, with optional Intel® vPro™ technology, you have the ability to remotely isolate, diagnose, and repair infected desktop and mobile workstations wirelessly and outside of the firewall, even if the PC is off, or the OS is unresponsive.
Intel® Core™2 Extreme Processor
Whether it's gaming, digital photography, or video editing, today's high-impact entertainment demands breakthrough technology. Now with a new version based on Intel's cutting edge 45nm technology utilizing hafnium-infused circuitry to deliver even greater performance and power efficiency.
Brilliantly fast
With faster, intelligent, multi-core technology that applies processing power where it's needed most, new Intel® Core™ i7 processors deliver an incredible breakthrough in PC performance. They are the best desktop processors on the planet.¹
You'll multitask applications faster and unleash incredible digital media creation. And you'll experience maximum performance for everything you do, thanks to the combination of Intel® Turbo Boost technology² and Intel® Hyper-Threading technology (Intel® HT technology)³, which maximizes performance to match your workload.
I
Wield the ultimate gaming weapon
Conquer the world of extreme gaming with the fastest performing processor on the planet: the Intel® Core™ i7 processor Extreme Edition.¹ With faster, intelligent multi-core technology that accelerates performance to match your workload, it delivers an incredible breakthrough in gaming performance.
But performance doesn't stop at gaming. You'll multitask 25 percent faster and unleash incredible digital media creation with up to 79 percent faster video encoding and up to 46 percent faster image rendering, plus incredible performance for photo retouching and editing.¹
In fact, you'll experience maximum performance for whatever you do, thanks to the combination of Intel® Turbo Boost technology² and Intel® Hyper-Threading technology (Intel® HT technology)³, which activates full processing power exactly where and when you need it most.
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